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Application and Comparison of Different Regression Models in Iodine Balance Experiment on Women of Childbearing Age and Pregnant Women

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Abstract

The iodine balance experiment is a traditional approach to evaluate the physiological requirement for iodine, while the simple linear regression model (SLM) and the mixed effects model (MEM) are two primary methods used to analyze iodine balance experiments. In the present study, we aimed to compare the effects of these two regression models on the evaluation of iodine balance experiments to investigate appropriate valuation methods. By constructing SLM and MEM, zero iodine balance values (IBV) were determined, and the evaluation effects were compared. No changes were made to the experimental data for women of childbearing age, and cutoff values of 600 µg/day and 1000 µg/day, respectively, were chosen for further processing of the experimental data for pregnant women. Equation combinations 1–3 (EC1-3) were obtained by fitting SLM, and zero IBV were calculated as 110.26 µg/day, 333.06 µg/day, and 434.84 µg/day, respectively. EC4-6 were obtained by fitting MEM, and zero IBV were calculated as 110.44 µg/day, 335.79 µg/day, and 418.06 µg/day, respectively. The inclusion of inter-measurement variation as a random factor in the MEM yielded EC7-8, which reduced the test power of the iodine balance experiment on women of childbearing age. Our study suggested that when experimental conditions were tightly controlled, with fewer uncertainties or significant influences, computationally straightforward and well-understood SLM was preferred. If some uncertain factors might cause large changes in the experimental results, it was advised to use a more “conservative” MEM to calculate the zero IBV. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: Registered at Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03279315 (17th September 2017, retrospectively registered), NCT03710148 (18th October 2018, retrospectively registered).

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Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

B1 :

Inhaled iodine

B2 :

Exhaled iodine

CSCN:

China Nutrition Science Congress

D:

Dietary iodine

DRIs:

Dietary reference intakes

EC:

Equation combination

F:

Fecal iodine

FT3:

Free triiodothyronine

FT4:

Free thyroxine

IBV:

Iodine balance values

IDD:

Iodine deficiency disease

MEM:

Mixed effects model

U:

Urinary iodine

UIC:

Urinary iodine concentration

UL:

Upper tolerable iodine intake

W:

Water iodine

WHO:

World Health Organization

S:

Sweat iodine

SLM:

Simple linear regression model

T3:

Triiodothyronine

T4:

Thyroxine

TE:

Total iodine excretion

Tg:

Thyroglobulin

TI:

Total iodine intake

TRH:

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TSH:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Tvol:

Thyroid volume

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Acknowledgements

The authors are particularly grateful to the participants from Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Tanggu Maternity Hospital, and Gaocheng County Maternity and Child Health Hospital in Shandong Province for their contributions and support. We also thank the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, and the Center for International Cooperation and Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health for providing the experimental platform for this study.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31340033, 81330064, and 82073549).

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Author notes

  1. Yu Wang and Xiaoxiao Tian contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China

    Yu Wang, Xiaoxiao Tian, Qiuyi Song, Wenqiang Wang, Xiaohui Guo, Tingkai Cui, Ziyun Pan, Wen Chen, Long Tan & Wanqi Zhang

  2. Tianjin Third Central Hospital Nutrition Department, Tianjin, China

    Xiaoxiao Tian

  3. Tianjin Nankai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China

    Xiaohui Guo

  4. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

    Yongjie Chen

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  1. Yu Wang
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Contributions

W.Z. and L.T. designed the study. X.T., W.W., X.G., Q.S., and T.C. collected the information and collated the data. Y. C. and L.T. provided guidance on statistical methods. W.C. and Z.P. collated and analyzed the data. W.Y. wrote the manuscript and visualized the data. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Long Tan.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Ethics approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University (TMUhMEC2020033). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. This information on the research has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT03279315; NCT03710148).

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Wang, Y., Tian, X., Song, Q. et al. Application and Comparison of Different Regression Models in Iodine Balance Experiment on Women of Childbearing Age and Pregnant Women. Biol Trace Elem Res 202, 2474–2487 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03867-x

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