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Zirkadiane Uhren und Schlaf – nachgeschaltete Funktion oder Crosstalk?

Circadian clocks and sleep—downstream function or crosstalk?

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Zusammenfassung

Innere, sog. zirkadiane Uhren regulieren zahlreiche Körperfunktionen – darunter unseren Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus – im 24-h-Takt. Während die Funktion des zirkadianen Systems in der Regulation der Phasenlage des Schlafs (Prozess C) lange bekannt war, zeigen neuere Studien eine weit engere Verknüpfung von Uhrensystem und Schlaffunktion auf mehreren Ebenen. Genetische Defekte im molekularen Uhrwerk haben Auswirkungen auf den Schlafhomöostat (Prozess S). Umgekehrt wirken Änderungen im natürlichen Schlafzyklus zurück auf die Funktion der zirkadianen Uhr – und das nicht nur im zentralen Nervensystem (ZNS), sondern insbesondere auch in peripheren Organen. Dieser Schlaf-Uhr-Crosstalk könnte viele der negativen Effekte von Rhythmus- und Schlafstörungen auf den Energiestoffwechsel erklären. Gleichzeitig bietet er neue Ansatzpunkte für die Prävention und Behandlung von schlafassoziierten pathologischen Effekten, z. B. bei Schichtarbeitern. Dieser Übersichtsartikel beschreibt die Interaktion von Uhrensystem und Schlaf-Regelkreisen im ZNS und deren Effekte auf periphere physiologische Prozesse, insbesondere den Energiestoffwechsel. Er skizziert ein Modell der engen Kopplung von Schlaf und Uhrenfunktion und deren Bedeutung als Angriffspunkt für die Behandlung von durch Schlafstörungen bedingte Erkrankungen.

Abstract

Endogenous, so-called circadian clocks regulate numerous body functions—including our sleep–wake rhythm—with a period of 24 h. Although the role of the circadian system in regulating the timing of sleep (process C) has long been known, recent studies reveal a far closer connection of the clock system and sleep function on several levels. Genetic defects in the molecular clockwork have a marked impact on the sleep homeostat (process S). Conversely, changes in the natural sleep cycle affect the functioning of the circadian clock—and not only in the central nervous system (CNS), but also in peripheral organs in particular. This sleep-clock crosstalk could explain many of the negative effects of rhythm and sleep disorders on energy metabolism. At the same time, it offers new starting points for the prevention and treatment of sleep-associated pathological effects, e.g. in shift workers. This review describes the interaction of the clock system and sleep control circuits in the CNS and their effects on peripheral physiological processes with a focus on energy metabolism. It outlines a model of close coupling between sleep and clock function and its importance as a point of attack for the treatment of diseases associated with sleep disorders .

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  1. Institut für Neurobiologie, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), Universität zu Lübeck, Marie-Curie-Straße 66, 23562, Lübeck, Deutschland

    Kimberly Begemann & Henrik Oster

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Correspondence to Henrik Oster.

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K. Begemann und H. Oster geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Begemann, K., Oster, H. Zirkadiane Uhren und Schlaf – nachgeschaltete Funktion oder Crosstalk?. Somnologie 25, 126–130 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11818-020-00275-4

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