Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A multivariate statistical approach to evaluate the hydro-geochemistry of groundwater quality in the middle Ganga river basin, Patna, India

  • Research Article - Hydrology and Hydraulics
  • Published:
Acta Geophysica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The study of groundwater samples from Patna, which is in the middle Ganga River basin in the state of Bihar, was done to evaluate the hydrogeochemical nature of groundwater and figure out the controlling factors that affect its ionic chemistry. This study’s groundwater samples were taken seasonally from 20 Patna, Bihar locations from 2019 to 2020 and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties using APHA’s standard methods. Multivariate statistical techniques, such as Correlation matrix, Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical cluster analysis, were carried out on the analytical variables, followed by interpreting the groundwater’s geochemical nature using Durov Plot, Piper plot, ion-scatter plots and Gibb’s diagram. The results obtained were compared with water quality standards prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The study revealed that groundwater’s alkaline nature and water’s total hardness varied from hard to very hard categories. Total dissolved solids range from 158 to 575 mg/l, where 31.66% of samples have exceeded the desirable TDS limit for drinking water. The abundance of anions was observed in decreasing order (HCO3− > Cl− > SO42−) during all seasons and cations as Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, whereas in monsoon season, it was observed as Mg2+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > K+. Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3− type water was revealed as the significant hydrogeochemical facie, and the reverse ion exchange process was observed to be the governing factor in 77% of the total groundwater samples. Gibbs’s diagram showed rock–water dominance as a major factor in groundwater ionic composition during all seasons.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.

References

  • Ahipathi MV, Puttaiah ET (2006) Ecological characteristics of Vrishabhavathi River in Bangalore (India). Environ Geol 49:1217–1222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed A, Clark I (2016) Groundwater flow and geochemical evolution in the Central Flinders ranges South Australia. Sci Total Environ 572:837–851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al Dahaan S, Al-Ansari N, Knutsson S (2016) Influence of groundwater hypothetical salts on electrical conductivity total dissolved solids. Engineering 8(11):823–830

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali SA, Ali U (2018) Hydrochemical characteristics and spatial analysis of groundwater quality in parts of Bundelkhand Massif India. Appl Water Sci 8:39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0678-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aly AA, Al-Omran AM, Alharby MM (2015) The water quality index and hydrochemical characterization of groundwater resources in Hafar Albatin, Saudi Arabia. Arab J Geosci 8:4177–4190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari JA, Umar R (2019) Evaluation of hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater quality in the quaternary aquifers of Unnao District, Uttar Pradesh, India. HydroResearch 1:36–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • APHA (2012) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st edn. American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Atwia MG, Hassan AA, Ibrahim A (1997) Hydrogeology, log analysis and hydrochemistry of unconsolidated aquifers south of El-Sadat city, Egypt. J Hydrol 5:27–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballukraya PN, Ravi R (1999) Characterization of groundwater in the unconfined aquifers of Chennai City, India; Part I: hydrogeochemistry. J Geol Soc India 54:1–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biglari H, Saeidi M, Alipour V, Rahdar S, Sohrabi Y, Khaksefidi R, Ahamadabadi M (2016) Review on hydrochemical and health effects of it in Sistan and Baluchistan groundwaters Iran. Int J Pharm Technol 8(3):17900–17920

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouderbala A (2017) Assessment of water quality index for the groundwater in the upper Cheliff plain, Algeria. J Geol Soc India 90:347–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-017-07237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brindha K, Paul R, Walter J, Tan ML, Singh MK (2020) Trace metals contamination in groundwater and implications on human health: comprehensive assessment using hydrogeochemical and geostatistical methods. Environ Geochem Health 42(11):3819–3839

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulut OF, Duru B, Çakmak Ö, Günhan Ö, Dilek FB, Yetis U (2020) Determination of groundwater threshold values: a methodological approach. J Clean Prod 253:120001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Indian Standards (2012) Specification for drinking water. 1S: 10500. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

  • Census of India (2011) Primary census abstract for slum, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India

  • CGWB Ground Water Information Booklet (2013) Central Ground water Board Ministry of Water Resources (Govt. of India), Mid-Eastern Region, Patna

  • Chemistry for Environment and Engineering (1994) fourth edition international editions

  • Durov SA (1948) Natural waters and graphic representation of their composition. DoklAkadNauk SSSR 59(3):87–90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eang KE, Igarashi T, Kondo M, Nakatani T, Tabelin CB, Fujinaga R (2018) Groundwater monitoring of an open-pit limestone quarry: water–rock interaction and mixing estimation within the rock layers by geochemical and statistical analyses. Int J Min Sci Technol 28:849–857

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaikwad S, Gaikwad S, Meshram D et al (2020) Geochemical mobility of ions in groundwater from the tropical western coast of Maharashtra, India: implication to groundwater quality. Environ Dev Sustain 22:2591–2624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00312-9

  • Gao Y, Qian H, Ren W, Wang H, Liu F, Yang F (2020) Hydrogeochemical characterization and quality assessment of groundwater based on integrated-weight water quality index in a concentrated urban area. J Clean Prod 260:121006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gebresilasie KG, Berhe GG, Tesfay AH, Gebre SE (2021) Assessment of some physicochemical parameters and heavy metals in hand-dug well water samples of Kafta Humera Woreda, Tigray, Ethiopia. Int J Anal Chem 2021:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghodbane M, Benaabidate L, Boudoukha A, Gaagai A, Adjissi O, Chaib W, Aouissi HA (2022) Analysis of groundwater quality in the lower Soummam Valley, North-East of Algeria. J Water Land Dev, 1–12

  • Gibbs RJ (1970) Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science 170:1088–1090

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulgundi MS, Shetty A (2018) Groundwater quality assessment of urban Bengaluru using multivariate statistical techniques. Appl Water Sci 8:43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0684-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Handa BK (1979) Groundwater pollution in India proceedings of national symposium on hydrology. IAHS, Publication University of Roorkee, India, pp 34–49

  • Helena B, Pardo R, Vega M, Barrado E, Fernandez JM, Fernandez L (2000) Temporal evolution of groundwater composition in an alluvial aquifer (Pisuerga River, Spain) by principal component analysis. Water Res 34(3):807–816

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herojeet R, Rishi MS, Lata R et al (2016) Application of environmetrics statistical models and water quality index for groundwater quality characterization of alluvial aquifer of Nalagarh Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. Sustain Water Resour Manag 2:39–53

  • Hui T, Jizhong Du, Ma S, Zhuang K, Yan G (2020) Application of water quality index and multivariate statistical analysis in the hydrogeochemical assessment of shallow groundwater in Hailun, northeast China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess: Int J 27:651–667

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kadam A, Wagh V, Patil S, Umrikar B, Sankhua R (2021) Seasonal assessment of groundwater contamination, health risk and chemometric investigation for a hard rock terrain of western India. Environ Earth Sci 80(5):1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanagaraj G, Elango L (2019) Chromium and fluoride contamination in groundwater around leather tanning industries in southern India: implications from stable isotopic ratio δ53Cr/δ52Cr, geochemical and geostatistical modelling. Chemosphere 220:943–953

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz BG, Tyler BC, Thomas DB, Davis JH (1997) Use of chemical and isotopictracers to characterize the interactions between groundwater and surface water in mantled karst. Groundwater 35(6):1014–1028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz BG, Coplen TB, Bullen TD, Davis JH (1998) Use of chemical and isotopic tracers to characterize the interaction between groundwater and surface water in mantled Karst. Groundwater 35:1014–1028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur L, Rishi MS, Sharma S et al (2019) Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater in alluvial plains of River Yamuna in Northern India: an insight of controlling processes. J King Saud Univ Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JKSUS.2019.01.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly WR, Panno SV, Hackley K (2012) The sources, distribution, and trends of chloride in the water of Illinois

  • Khan R, Jhariya DC (2017) Groundwater quality assessment for drinking purpose in Raipur City, Chhattisgarh using water quality index and geographic information system. J Geol Soc India 90:69–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JO, Mueller CW (1978) Factor analysis: statistical methods and practical issues. Sage, Beverly Hills

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kom KP, Gurugnanam B, Bairavi S (2022) Non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride contamination in the groundwater of Noyyal basin, India. Geod Geodyn

  • Kumar M, Ramanathan AL, Rao MS, Kumar B (2006) Identification and evaluation of hydrogeochemical process inthe groundwater environment of Delhi India. Envir Geol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0275-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar SK, Logeshkumaran A, Magesh NS, Godson PS, Chandrasekar N (2015) Hydro geochemistry and application of water quality index (WQI) for groundwater quality assessment, Anna Nagar, part of Chennai City, Tamil Nadu, India. Appl Water Sci 5:335–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar R, Kumar R, Singh S, Singh A, Bhardwaj A, Kumari A, Randhawa SS, Saha A (2018) Dynamics of suspended sediment load with respect to summer discharge and temperatures in Shaune Garang glacierized catchment, Western Himalaya. Acta Geophys 66:1109–1120

  • Kumar R, Kumar R, Singh S, Singh A, Bhardwaj A, Chaudhary H (2019a) Hydro-geochemical characteristics of glacial meltwater from Naradu Glacier catchment Western Himalaya. Environ Earth Sci 78:683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8687-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar D, Singh A, Jha RK, Sahoo BB, Sahoo SK, Jha V (2019b) Source characterization and human health risk assessment of nitrate in groundwater of middle Gangetic Plain, India. Arab J Geosci 12(11):1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar R, Kumar R, Bhardwaj A, Singh A, Singh S, Kumari A, Sinha RK (2022a) Multivariate statistical analysis and geospatial approach for evaluating hydro-geochemical characteristics of meltwater from Shaune Garang Glacier, Himachal Pradesh, India. Acta Geophys 71(1):323–339

  • Kumar R, Kumar R, Singh A, Arif M, Kumar P, Kumari A (2022b) Chemometric approach to evaluate the chemical behavior of rainwater at high altitude in Shaune Garang catchment, Western Himalaya. Sci Rep 12(1):1–14

  • Kumar R, Qureshi M, Vishwakarma DK, Al-Ansari N, Kuriqi A, Elbeltagi A, Saraswat A (2022c) A review on emerging water contaminants and the application of sustainable removal technologies. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 6:100219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar R, Kumari A, Kumar R, Sulaiman MA, Zafar MM, Singh A, Prabhakar R, Pippal PS (2023) Assessing the geochemical processes controlling groundwater quality and their possible effect on human health in Patna, Bihar. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26203-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kupwade RV, Langade AD (2013) Pre and post monsoon monitoring of ground water quality in region near Kupwad MIDC, Sangli, Maharashtra. Int J Chem Tech Res 5(5):291–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Li P, Wu J, Tian R, He S, He X, Xue C, Zhang K (2018) Geochemistry, hydraulic connectivity and quality appraisal of multilayered groundwater in the Hongdunzi Coal Mine, Northwest China. Mine Water Environ 37(2):222–237

  • Liu CW, Lin KH, & Kuo YM (2003) Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Sci Tot Environ 313(1–3): 77–89

  • Liu D, Qi X, Li M, Zhu W, Zhang L, Faiz MA, Khan MI, Li T, Cui S (2019) A resilience evaluation method for a combined regional agricultural water and soil resource system based on Weighted Mahalanobis distance and a Gray-TOPSIS model. J Clean Prod 229:667–679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Wang H, Jin D, Xu F, Zhao C (2020) Hydrochemical characteristics and evolution processes of karst groundwater in Carboniferous Taiyuan formation in the Pingdingshan coalfield. Environ Earth Sci 79(6):1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd JW, Heathcote JAA (1985) Natural inorganic hydrochemistry in relation to ground water 109(3)

  • Makubura R, Meddage DPP, Azamathulla HM, Pandey M, Rathnayake U (2022) A simplified mathematical formulation for water quality index (WQI): a case study in the Kelani River basin Sri Lanka. Fluids 7(5):147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maliqi E, Jusufi K, Singh SK (2020) Assessment and spatial mapping of groundwater quality parameters using metal pollution indices, graphical methods and geoinformatics. Anal Chem Lett 10(2):152–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurya P, Kumari R, Mukherjee S (2019) Hydrochemistry in integration with stable isotopes (δ18O and δD) to assess seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers of Kachchh district, Gujarat India. J Geochem Explor 196:42–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurya J, Pradhan SN, Seema Ghosh AK (2020) Evaluation of ground water quality and health risk assessment due to nitrate and fluoride in the Middle Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess Int J 27(5):1349–1365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo AL, Loucks MD (1995) Solute and isotopic geochemistry and groundwater flow in the central Wasatchrange Utah. J Hydrol 172:31–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meybeck M (1987) Global chemical weathering of surficial rocks estimated from river dissolved loads. Am J Sci 287(5):401–428

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohapatra PK, Vijay R, Pujari PR, Sundaray SK, Mohanty BP (2011) Determination of processes affecting groundwater quality in the coastal aquifer beneath Puri city, India: a multivariate statistical approach. Water Sci Technol 64(4):809–817

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mudgal KD, Kumari M, Sharma DK, dev Mudgal K, Kumari M (2009) Hydrochemical analysis of drinking water quality of Alwar district, Rajasthan. Nat Sci 7(2):30–39

  • Nizam S, Virk HS, Sen IS (2022) High levels of fluoride in groundwater from Northern parts of Indo-Gangetic plains reveals detrimental fluorosis health risks. Environ Adv 8:100200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okiongbo KS, Douglas RK (2015) Evaluation of major factors influencing the geochemistry of groundwater using graphical and multivariate statistical methods in Yengoa city, Southern Nigeria. Appl Water Sci 5:27–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olatunde K, Patton SK, Cameron L, Stankus T, Milaham PJ (2022) Factors affecting the quality of drinking water in the United States of America: a ten-year systematic review. Am J Water Resour 10(1):24–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panigrahy PIC, Sahu SD, Sahu BK, Sathyanarayana D (1996) Studies on the distribution of calcium and magnesium in Visakhapatnam harbour waters, Bay of Bengal. In: International symposium on applied geochemistry. Osmania University, Hyderabad, pp 353–340

  • Patna Master Plan 2031 (2016) Town and Country Planning Organisation, Urban Development & Housing Department, Patna, Bihar. http://udhd.bihar.gov.in/PMP2031/

  • Piper AM (1944) A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analyses. Am Geophys Union Trans 25:914–923

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan RM, Behera AK, Kumar S, Kumar P, Biswal TK (2022) Recharge and geochemical evolution of groundwater in fractured basement aquifers (NW India): insights from environmental isotopes (δ18O, δ2H, and 3H) and hydrogeochemical studies. Water 14(3):315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasanna MV, Chidambaram S, Shahul HA, Srinivasamoorthy K (2011) Hydrogeochemical analysis and evaluation of groundwater quality in the Gadilam river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. J Earth Syst Sci 120:85–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rai AK, Paul B, Mudra L, Kishor N (2011) Studies of selected water quality parameters of river Ganges at Patna, Bihar. J Adv Lab Res Biol 2(4):136–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajmohan N, Elango L (2006) Hydrogeochemistry and its relation to groundwater level fluctuation in the Palar and Cheyyar River basins, southern India. Hydrol Process: Int J 20:2415–2427

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramappa R, Suresh TS (2000) Quality of groundwater in relation to agricultural practices in Lokapavani river basin, Karnataka, India. In: Proceedings of international seminar on applied hydrogeochemistry. Annamalai University, pp 136–142

  • Rao S, Mahesh J, Surinaidu L, Dhakate R (2015) Hydrochemical assessment ofgroundwater in alluvial aquifer region, Jalandhar District, Punjab India. Environ Earth Sci 73(12):8145–8153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reghunath R, Murthy TRS, Raghavan BR (2002) The utility of multivariate statistical techniques in hydro-geochemical studies: an example from Karnataka India. Water Res 36(2002):2437–2442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu C, Grischek T, Schoenheinz D, Prasad T, Thakur AK (2011) Evaluation of bank filtration for drinking water supply in Patna by the Ganga River, India. Riverbank filtration for water security in desert countries. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 203–222

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma P, Sharma A (2022) Heavy metals in ground water affect the human health global challenge. Computational intelligence and applications for pandemics and healthcare. IGI Global, Hershey, pp 139–158

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh MA, Azad C, Mukherjee S, Rina K (2017) An assessment of groundwater salinization in Haryana state in India using hydrochemical tools in association with GIS. Environ Earth Sci 76(13):1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla S, Saxena A (2020) Water quality index assessment of groundwater in the Central Ganga Plain with reference to Raebareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Curr Sci 119(8):1308–1315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Singh C, Kumar K, Gupta R, Mukherjee S (2009) Spatial-temporal monitoring of groundwater using multivariate statistical techniques in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh, India. J Hydrol Hydromech 57(1):45–54

  • Singh CK, Kumari R, Singh RP, Shashtri S, Kamal V, Mukherjee S (2011) Geochemical modeling of high fluoride concentration in groundwater of Pokhran area of Rajasthan, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 86:152–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Srivastava PK, Pandey AC (2013a) Fluoride contamination mapping of groundwater in northern India integrated with geochemical indicators and GIS. Water Sci Technol 8:4687–4702

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh A, Sharma CS, Jeyaseelan AT, Chowdary VM (2015) Spatio–temporal analysis of groundwater resources in Jalandhar district of Punjab state India. Sustain Water Res Manag 1(3):293–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh G, Rishi MS, Herojeet R, Kaur L, Sharma K (2020) (2020) Multivariate analysis and geochemical signatures of groundwater in the agricultural dominated taluks of Jalandhar district, Punjab India. J Geochem Explor 208:106395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha MR, Avnisha D, Amita P, Mausumi G, Tagore RN (2011) Physicochemical examination and quality assessment of groundwater (Hand-Pump) around Patna main town, Bihar state, India. J Chem Pharm Res 3(3):701–705

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sojobi AO (2016) Evaluation of groundwater quality in a rural community in North Central of Nigeria. Environ Monitor Assess 188:1–17

  • Srinivasamoorthy K, Nanthakumar C, Vasanthavigar M, Vijayaraghavan K, Rajivgandhi R, Chidambaram S, Anandhan P, Manivannan R, Vasudevan S (2011) Groundwater quality assessment from a hard rock terrain, Salem District of Tamil Nadu, India. Arab J Geosci 4:91–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-009-0076-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasamoorthy K, Gopinath M, Chidambaram S, Vasanthavigar M, Sarma VS (2014) Hydrochemical characterization and quality appraisal of groundwater from Pungar sub basin, Tamilnadu India. J King Saud Univ Sci 26:37–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stallard RF, Edmond JM (1983) Geochemistry of Amazon, the influence of geology and weathering environment on the dissolved load. J Geophys Res 88:9671–9688

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su H, Kang W, Kang N, Liu J, Li Z (2021) Hydrogeochemistry and health hazards of fluoride-enriched groundwater in the Tarim Basin. China Environ Res 200:111476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subba Rao N, Srihari C, Deepthi Spandana B, Sravanthi M, Kamalesh T, Abraham Jayadeep V (2019) Comprehensive understanding of groundwater quality and hydrogeochemistry for the sustainable development of suburban area of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess Int J 25(1–2):52–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sukumaran D, Saha R, Saxena RC (2015) Ground water quality index of Patna, the capital city of Bihar India. Am J Water Resour 3(1):17–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sulaiman MA, Zafar MM, Afshan N, Kumari A (2021) Impact of lockdown on air pollutants during COVID-19 at Patna, India. Asian J Atmos Environ 15(4):62–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sulaiman MA, Zafar MM, Divya, Prabhakar R, Kumari A (2023) Evaluation of ionic composition and hydrogeochemical processes of the groundwater in Muzaffarpur, district, Bihar, India. Ind J Environ Protect 43(3):263–269

  • Thakur N, Rishi M, Sharma DA, Keesari T (2018) Quality of water resources in Kullu Valley in Himachal Himalayas, India: perspective and prognosis. Appl Water Sci 8(1):20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari AK, Singh AK (2014) Hydrogeochemical investigation and groundwater quality assessment of Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh. J Geol Soc India 83(3):329–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-014-0045-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari AK, Singh AK, Singh AK, Singh MP (2017) Hydrogeochemical analysis and evaluation of surface water quality of Pratapgarh district Uttar Pradesh, India. Appl Water Sci 7:1609–1623

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • USGS (2022) Maps showing geology, oil and gas fields and geologic provinces of South Asia. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/ofr97470C.pdf

  • Varol S, Davraz A (2015) Evaluation of the groundwater quality with WQI (Water Quality Index) and multivariate analysis: a case study of the Tefenni plain (Burdur/Turkey). Environ Earth Sci 73:1725–1744

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vidana SM, Banoeng-Yakubo B, Sakyi PA (2012) Identifying key processes in the hydrochemistry of a basin through the combined use of factor and regression models. J Earth Syst Sci 121:491–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viswanath NC, Kumar PD, Ammad KK (2015) Statistical analysis of quality of water in various water shed for Kozhikode City, Kerala, India. Aqua Proc 4:1078–1085

  • Wagh VM, Mukate SV, Panaskar DB, Muley AA, Sahu UL (2019) Study of groundwater hydrochemistry and drinking suitability through Water Quality Index (WQI) modelling in Kadava river basin India. SN Appl Sci 1(10):1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YQ, Shao MA (2013) Spatial variability of soil physical properties in a region of the loess plateau of PR China subject to wind and water erosion. Land Degrad Dev 24(3):296–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zafar MM, Sulaiman MA, Prabhakar R, Kumari A (2022) Evaluation of the suitability of groundwater for irrigational purposes using irrigation water quality indices and geographical information systems (GIS) at Patna (Bihar), India. Int J Energy Water Resour 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00193-1

  • Zaidi FK, Salman A, Hag-Elsafi S, Alfaifi HJ (2019) Assessment of hydrological processes operating in a multi-layered sedimentary aquifer system in Saudi Arabia using integrated chemical and statistical approach. Environ Monit Assess 191(7):1–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zakaria N, Anornu G, Adomako D, Owusu-Nimo F, Gibrilla A (2021) Evolution of groundwater hydrogeochemistry and assessment of groundwater quality in the Anayari catchment. Groundw Sustain Dev 12:100489

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to all members of the Environmental Biology Laboratory at Patna University, Patna.

Funding

This research did not receive any funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, India

    Mohammed Aasif Sulaiman, Mohammad Masroor Zafar, Ravi Prabhakar, Ravindra Kumar Sinha & Anupma Kumari

  2. Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India

    Ramesh Kumar

Authors
  1. Mohammed Aasif Sulaiman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammad Masroor Zafar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ravi Prabhakar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ramesh Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ravindra Kumar Sinha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Anupma Kumari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MAS, MMZ, RP contributed to Data curation, Formal analysis and investigation, MAS, MMZ contributed to Writing original draft, MAS, MMZ, RK contributed to Software, AK, RKS contributed to Resources, AK, MAS, RK contributed to Writing review and editing, AK, RKS contributed to Editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anupma Kumari.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Edited by Dr. Michael Nones (CO-EDITOR-IN-CHIEF).

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sulaiman, M.A., Zafar, M.M., Prabhakar, R. et al. A multivariate statistical approach to evaluate the hydro-geochemistry of groundwater quality in the middle Ganga river basin, Patna, India. Acta Geophys. 72, 1913–1926 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-023-01071-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-023-01071-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation