Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage is a common neurological disease, and its pathological mechanism is complex. As the first recruited leukocyte subtype after intracerebral hemorrhage, neutrophils play an important role in tissue damage. In the past, it was considered that neutrophils performed their functions through phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and degranulation. In recent years, studies have found that neutrophils also have the function of secreting extracellular traps. Extracellular traps are fibrous structure composed of chromatin and granular proteins, which plays an important role in innate immunity. Studies have shown a large number of neutrophil extracellular traps in hematoma samples, plasma samples, and drainage samples after intracerebral hemorrhage. In this paper, we summarized the related mechanisms of neutrophil external traps and injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neutrophil extracellular traps are involved in the process of brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. The application of related inhibitors to inhibit the formation of neutrophil external traps or promote their dissolution can effectively alleviate the pathological damage caused by intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
- ICH:
-
Intracerebral hemorrhage
- NET:
-
Neutrophil extracellular trap
- NE:
-
Neutrophil elastase
- MPO:
-
Myeloperoxidase
- BBB:
-
Blood-brain barrier
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- MMP:
-
Matrix metalloproteinase
- TLR4:
-
Toll-like receptor 4
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- NOX:
-
NADPH oxidase
- DAMPs:
-
Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- NSPs:
-
Neutrophil serine proteases
- PAD4:
-
Peptidylarginine deiminase 4
- GM-CSF:
-
Granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor
- GSDMD:
-
Gasdermin D
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- DNase:
-
DNA degrading enzyme
- PKC:
-
Protein kinase C
- IFN-?:
-
Interferon-?
- PLTs:
-
Platelets
- PAF:
-
Platelet activation factor
- PS:
-
Phosphatidylserine
- TF:
-
Tissue factor
- ECs:
-
Endothelial cells
- ARP:
-
Apoptosis-related speckled protein
- EGFR:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor
- SMCs:
-
Smooth muscle cell
- VSMCs:
-
Vascular smooth muscle cells
- AAA:
-
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
- cAVM:
-
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation
- DVT:
-
Deep vein thrombosis
- TM-?:
-
Thrombomodulin-?
- FSAP:
-
Factor VII activating protease
- DPI:
-
Diphenyliodine
- RANTES:
-
Reduced upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted
- HDACis:
-
Histone deacetylase complex inhibitors
- PKM2:
-
Pyruvate kinase M2
- Mac-1:
-
Macrophage antigen-1
- PHE:
-
Perihematomal edema
- ET:
-
Extracellular trap
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- AKT:
-
Protein kinase B
- BAFF:
-
B-cell Activating factor of the TNF family
- PMA:
-
Phorbol myristate acetate
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- PSGL:
-
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand
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This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant NOs: 82074540).
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Conceptualization: Jiawei Liu, Wei Zou.
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Writing – original draft: Jiawei Liu, Shuang Zhang.
Writing – review & editing: Jiawei Liu, Shuang Zhang, Yunnan Jing, Wei Zou.
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Liu, J., Zhang, S., Jing, Y. et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps in intracerebral hemorrhage: implications for pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Metab Brain Dis 38, 2505–2520 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-023-01268-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-023-01268-6