Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Thermo-resistive property of carbon-graphite hybrid based thick film electrode on PET and paper substrates with a smart integrated system for productive soil farming applications

  • Electronic materials
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This work brings in an eco-friendly, smart integrated miniaturized sensor system to determine the temperature of aqueous solution and soil in a more affordable way to yield quality farming, small-scale agricultural farming, greenhouse farming, domestic gardening, and hydroponics. Carbon-Graphite hybrid electrode-based planar disposable sensor strip is used for sensing the temperature over a range of 27 to 50°C. The temperature sensor element is compared to four distinct structures, and the meander geometrical structure is deduced as a result. The temperature sensing element is fabricated utilizing a prudent, efficacious, and inexpensive microfabrication methodology of screen printing. The temperature and resistance characteristics are plotted for the carbon-graphite electrode on PET and paper. The temperature coefficient of resistance is determined to be 1%/°C for PET and 0.8%/°C paper substrate in soil. Test experiment was carried out in water, oven and on field to find out the characteristic equation of study. The temperature sensor strip is integrated with a Wi-Fi SoC-assisted nodeMCU processor that is used in IoT platforms. An app is created using MIT app inventor user interface and is launched on an android smartphone. The app gives the suitable temperature range for sowing seed and germination of the plant growth information. The instantaneous temperature of soil or water is measured, and status information for plant cultivation is also provided by the app.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Goldberg HD, Browna RB, Liub DP, Mark E (1994) Meyerho screen printing: a technology for the batch fabrication of integrated chemical-sensor arrays. Sen Actuators B 21:171–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(94)01249-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Heidari Z, Kamkar B, Sinaky JM (2014) Influence of temperature on seed germination response of fennel. Adv Plants Agricult Res 1(5):207–213. https://doi.org/10.15406/apar.2014.01.00032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bin X, Tang G, He C-Q, Yan X-X (2017) Flexible temperature microsensor for application of high-intensity focused ultrasound. Sens Mater 29(12):1713–1722. https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM.2017.1714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Price R (1959) The platinum resistance thermometer, a review of its construction and applications. Platinum Metals Rev 3(3):78–87

    Google Scholar 

  5. Lee C-Y, Ay S, Liu Y-C, Chan P-C, Lin C-H (2010) Sensor fabrication method for in situ temperature and humidity monitoring of light emitting diodes. Sensors 10:3363–3372. https://doi.org/10.3390/s100403363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Sinclair I (2001) Transducing Components. Passive components for circuit design. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-075064933-9/50008-X

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Veeramani P, Vimala Juliet A, Sam Jebakumar J, Jagadish R (2018) Design and fabrication of temperature sensor for weather monitoring system using micro electromechanical system technology. Oriental J Chem 34(5):2510–2516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lee C-Y, Lee S-J, Tang M-S, Chen P-C (2011) In Situ monitoring of temperature inside lithium-ion batteries by flexible micro temperature sensors. Sensors 11(10):9942–9950. https://doi.org/10.3390/s111009942

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ahn CH, Park HW, Kim HH, Park SH, Son C, Kim MC, Lee JH, Go JS (2013) Direct fabrication of thin-film gold resistance temperature detection sensors on a curved surface using a flexible dry film photoresist and their calibration up to 450 °C. J Micromech Microeng 23:065031. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/23/6/065031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Phatthanakun R, Deelda P, Pummara W, Sriphung C, Pantong C, Chomnawang N (2012) Design and Fabrication of Thin-Film Aluminum Microheater and Nickel Temperature Sensor, IEEE International Conference on NEMS, Kyoto, JAPAN, pp 112–115, March 5–8.

  11. Lee CY, Chuang SM, Lee SJ, Hung IM, Hsieh CT, Chang YM, Huang YP (2015) Flexible micro sensor for in-situ monitoring temperature and voltage of coin cells. Sens Actuators 232:214–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Lee C-Y, Lin J-T, Chen C-H, Lee S-J, Wang Y-S (2019) Development of a four-in-one sensor for low-temperature fuel cell. Renew Energy 135:1452–1465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Farooqui MF, Shamim A (2016) Low-cost Inkjet-printed Smart bandage for wireless monitoring of chronic wounds. Sci Rep 6:28949. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28949

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Liu X, Mwangi M, Li XJ, O’Brien M, Whitesides GM (2011) Paper-based piezoresistive MEMS sensor. Lab Chip 11:2189–2196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bessonova A, Kirikovaa M, Haqueb S, Gartseeva I, Baileya MJA. (2013) Highly reproducible printable graphite strain gauges for flexible devices. Sens Actuators A 206:75–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dinh T, Phan H-P, Dao DV, Woodfield P, Qamara A, Nguyen N-T (2015) Graphite on paper as material for sensitive thermoresistive sensors. J Mater Chem C 3:8776–8779

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Davaji B, Cho HD, Malakoutian M, Lee J-K, Panin G, Kang TW, Lee CH (2017) A patterned single layer graphene resistance temperature sensor. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08967-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Khurana G, Sahoo S, Barik SK, Kumar N, Sharma GL, Scott JF, Katiyar RS (2018) Reduced graphene oxide as an excellent temperature sensor. J Nanosci Nanotechnol Appl 2:101

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Turkani VS, Maddipatla D, Narakathu BB, Bazuin B, Atashbar MZ (2018) A carbon nanotube based NTC thermistor using additive print manufacturing processes. Sens Actuators A: Phys 279:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.05.042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Altynay Kaidarova, Marco Marengo, Nathan R. Geraldi, Corlos M. Duarte and Jurgen Kosel (2019) Flexible conductivity, temperature, and depth sensor for marine environment monitoring, IEEE SENSORS, Montreal, QC, Canada, pp 27–30, https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956824.

  21. Rivadenryra A, Bobinger M, Albrecht A, Becherer M, Lugli P, Falco A, Salmeron JF (2019) Cost-effective PEDOT: PSS Temperature Sensors Ink jetted on a Bendable Substrate by a Consumer Printer. Polymers 11:824. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050824

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Turkani VS, Maddipatla D, Narakathu BB, Altay BN, Fleming PD, Bazuin BJ, Atashbar MZ (2019) Nickel Based RTD fabricated via additive screen-printing process for flexible electronics. IEEE Access 7:37518. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2904970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Mulla R, Dunnill CW (2021) Single material thermocouples from graphite trace: fabricating extremely simple and low-cost thermal sensors. Carbon Trends 4:100077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cartre.2021.100077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Tindall JA, Mills HA, Radcliffe DE (1990) The effect of root zone temperature on nutrient uptake. J Plant Nutrition 13(8):939–956. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169009364127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sakamoto M, Suzuki T (2015) Elevated root-zone temperature modulates growth and quality of hydroponically grown carrots. Agric Sci 6:749–757. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2015.68072

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Li Y, Wen X, Li L, Song M (2015) The effect of root-zone temperature on temperature difference between leaf and air in tomato plants. Acta Hort 34:251–256. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1107.34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Chalk SJ, McNaught AD and Wilkinson A (1997) IUPAC compendium of chemical terminology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook

  28. Dinh T, Phan H-P, Qamar A, Woodfield P, Nguyen N-T, Dao DV (2017) Thermoresistive effect for advanced thermal sensors: fundamentals, design considerations, and applications. J Microelectromech Syst 26(5):966–986. https://doi.org/10.1109/JMEMS.2017.2710354

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Jeya Bharathi S, Hosimin Thilagar S (2021) Heat transfer analysis on platinum-based thin-film temperature sensor element for Liquid temperature measurement applications. Heat Transfer Research 52(9):35–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ngo I-L, Jeon S, Byon C (2016) Thermal conductivity of transparent and flexible polymers containing fillers: a literature review. Int J Heat and Mass Trans 98:219–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Pan J, Tonkay GL, Quintero A (1999) Screen printing process design of experiments for fine line printing of thick film ceramic substrates. J Electron Manuf 9(3):203–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Potts SJ, Korochkina T et al (2022) The influence of carbon morphologies and concentration on the rheology and electrical performance of screen-printed carbon pastes. J Mater Sci 57:2650–2666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Mendez-Rossal HR, Wallner GM (2019) Printability and properties of conductive inks on primer-coated surfaces. Int J Ploymer Sci 2019:3874181. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3874181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Phillips C, Al-Ahmadi A, Potts S-J, Claypole T, Deganello D (2017) The effect of graphite and carbon black ratios on conductive ink performance. J Mater Sci 52:9520–9530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Altay BN, Turkani VS, Pekarovicova A, Fleming PD, Atashbar MZ, Bolduc M, Cloutier SG (2021) One-step photonic curing of screen-printed conductive Ni flake electrodes for use in flexible electronics. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82961-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Butterworth A, Blues E, Williamson P, Cardona M, Gray L, Corrigan DK (2019) SAM composition and electrode roughness affect performance of a DNA biosensor for antibiotic resistance. Biosensors 9(1):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9010022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Altay BN, Jourdan J, Turkani VS, Dietsch H, Maddipatla D, Pekarovicova A, Fleming PD, Atashbar M (2018) Impact of substrate and process on the electrical performance of screen printed nickel electrodes: fundamental mechanism of ink film roughness. ACS Appl Energy Mater 1:7164–7173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Dincer C, Bruch R, Costa-Rama E (2019) Maria teresa fernandez-abedul, arben merkoci, andreas manz, gerald anton urban, and firat guder, disposable sensors in diagnostics, food, and environmental monitoring. Adv Mater 31:1806739. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201806739

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Carter CB, Norton MG (2007) Coatings and Thick Films. Ceramic Materials. Springer New York, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  40. Jewell E, Philip B, Greenwood P (2016) Improved manufacturing performance of screen printed carbon electrodes through material formulation. Biosensors 6(3):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios6030030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Valdes LB (1954) Resistivity measurements on germanium for transistors. Proc IRE 42(2):420–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. "Air temperature and relative humidity for Anna university, Chennai (2022)". India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, AWS ARG Networks, http://aws.imd.gov.in:8091

  43. Shete A, Lahade A, Patil T and Pawar R (2018) DHCP Protocol Using OTP Based Two-Factor Authentication, 2018 2nd International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI), pp 136–141, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOEI.2018.8553753.

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Dr.Ramji, for providing the field of study to test the fabricated strips, Centre for water resources, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai. We also thank the Department of Printing, Anna University for rendering testing supports on Screen Printing. This work was completely carried out in the Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory supported by the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, CEG, Anna University, Chennai.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600025, India

    Jeya Bharathi Subbiah Pandi & Hosimin Thilagar Srinivasan

  2. Department of Printing, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600025, India

    Kanchana Mani

Authors
  1. Jeya Bharathi Subbiah Pandi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hosimin Thilagar Srinivasan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kanchana Mani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeya Bharathi Subbiah Pandi.

Additional information

Handling Editor: Maude Jimenez.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Subbiah Pandi, J.B., Srinivasan, H.T. & Mani, K. Thermo-resistive property of carbon-graphite hybrid based thick film electrode on PET and paper substrates with a smart integrated system for productive soil farming applications. J Mater Sci 57, 15809–15828 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07603-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07603-z

Search

Navigation