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Toxicity of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) toward embryonic stages of mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus)

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Abstract

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly persistent organic pollutants that have been detected in a wide array of environmental matrices and, in turn, diverse biota including humans and wildlife wherein they have been associated with a multitude of toxic, and otherwise adverse effects, including ecosystem impacts. In the present study, we developed a toxicity assay for embryonic stages of mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), as an environmentally relevant pelagic fish species, and applied this assay to the evaluation of the toxicity of “legacy” and “next-generation” PFAS including, respectively, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and several perfluoroethercarboxylic acids (PFECA). Acute embryotoxicity, in the form of lethality, was measured for all five PFAS toward mahi-mahi embryos with median lethal concentrations (LC50) in the micromolar range. Consistent with studies in other similar model systems, and specifically the zebrafish, embryotoxicity in mahi-mahi generally (1) correlated with fluoroalkyl/fluoroether chain length and hydrophobicity, i.e., log P, of PFAS, and thus, aligned with a role of uptake in the relative toxicity; and (2) increased with continuous exposure, suggesting a possible role of development stage specifically including a contribution of hatching (and loss of protective chorion) and/or differentiation of target systems (e.g., liver). Compared to prior studies in the zebrafish embryo model, mahi-mahi was significantly more sensitive to PFAS which may be related to differences in either exposure conditions (e.g., salinity) and uptake, or possibly differential susceptibility of relevant targets, for the two species. Moreover, when considered in the context of the previously reported concentration of PFAS within upper sea surface layers, and co-localization of buoyant eggs (i.e., embryos) and other early development stages (i.e., larvae, juveniles) of pelagic fish species to the sea surface, the observed toxicity potentially aligns with environmentally relevant concentrations in these marine systems. Thus, impacts on ecosystems including, in particular, population recruitment are a possibility. The present study is the first to demonstrate embryotoxicity of PFAS in a pelagic marine fish species, and suggests that mahi-mahi represents a potentially informative, and moreover, environmentally relevant, ecotoxicological model for PFAS in marine systems.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge support from Florida International University, University Graduate School’s Presidential Fellowship program, which financially supported, in part, KYG. MG is a Maytag Professor of Ichthyology.

Funding

Financial support for KYG was provided by Florida International University Graduate School Presidential Fellowship program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA

    Kiflom Y. Gebreab & J. P. Berry

  2. Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

    Daniel Benetti, Martin Grosell & John D. Stieglitz

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  1. Kiflom Y. Gebreab
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  2. Daniel Benetti
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  3. Martin Grosell
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  4. John D. Stieglitz
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  5. J. P. Berry
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Contributions

Mahi-mahi embryos used in the study were provided by JDS, DB and MG from the UM Experimental Fish Hatchery. KYG and JPB contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection and analysis were performed by KYG. The first draft of the manuscript was written by KYG and JPB, and all authors commented on subsequent revisions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to J. P. Berry.

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Ethical approval

Hatchery spawning of mahi-mahi was conducted protocols approved by the University of Miami Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC, 18-052-LF). All toxicity assays involving mahi-mahi were performed under protocols approved by the Florida International University IACUC (IACUC-19-085), and performed by trained investigators.

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Gebreab, K.Y., Benetti, D., Grosell, M. et al. Toxicity of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) toward embryonic stages of mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). Ecotoxicology 31, 1057–1067 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-022-02576-w

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