Abstract
Spiritual leadership has gained much traction among researchers and practitioners for its value-laden approach as it engenders feelings and expressions of a leader’s spirituality at the workplace by intrinsically motivating the followers to envision work as a calling, thereupon culminating in greater organizational performance. However, despite the significant attempts to consolidate the literature, organizational scholarly knowledge on spiritual leadership seems fragmented and incohesive. This is because the extant reviews pertaining to this field often employ subjective approaches in encapsulating the literature. It is due to these limitations, leadership researchers might find it difficult to appreciate the advances made in the realm of spiritual leadership, to grasp a holistic understanding of its objective insights, and to chart a course for future research. Therefore, through our study, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the past, present, and future of spiritual leadership research. This study combines a bibliometric analysis with a literature review wherein we analyzed 337 papers published between 1980 and 2021. First, through bibliographic coupling, citation analysis, prestige analysis, and co-word analysis of extant studies, we highlight the prominent authors, influential works, leading organizations, countries, and journals in the realm of spiritual leadership. Second, through our content analysis of the leading articles obtained from clustering, we map the emergent core themes in spiritual leadership literature. Third, based on these emergent themes, we offer a comprehensive conceptual framework. Finally, we determine and present potential avenues for future research by employing the TCCM framework that could stimulate scholarly research in this domain and discuss theoretical and managerial implications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afsar, B., Badir, Y., & Kiani, U. S. (2016). Linking spiritual leadership and employee pro-environmental behavior: The influence of workplace spirituality, intrinsic motivation, and environmental passion. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.011
Albuquerque, I. F., Cunha, R. C., Martins, L. D., & Sá, A. B. (2014). Primary health care services: Workplace spirituality and organizational performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-11-2012-0186
Allen, S., & Fry, L. W. (2022). A Framework for Leader, Spiritual, and Moral Development. Journal of Business Ethics (forthcoming). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05116-y
Ashmos, D. P., & Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/105649260092008
Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001
Bandsuch, M. R., & Cavanagh, G. F. (2005). Integrating spirituality into the workplace: Theory and practice. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 2(2), 221–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766080509518581
Bartol, T., Budimir, G., Dekleva-Smrekar, D., Pusnik, M., & Juznic, P. (2014). Assessment of research fields in Scopus and Web of Science in the view of national research evaluation in Slovenia. Scientometrics, 98(2), 1491–1504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-013-1148-8
Bauman, D. C. (2013). Leadership and the three faces of integrity. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(3), 414–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.01.005
Bayighomog, S. W., & Araslı, H. (2019). Workplace spirituality–customer engagement Nexus: The mediated role of spiritual leadership on customer–oriented boundary–spanning behaviors. The Service Industries Journal, 39(7–8), 637–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1570153
Bayighomog, S. W., & Arasli, H. (2022). Reviving employees’ essence of hospitality through spiritual wellbeing, spiritual leadership, and emotional intelligence. Tourism Management, 89, 104406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104406
Benefiel, M. (2005). The second half of the journey: Spiritual leadership for organizational transformation. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 723–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.005
Bhindi, N., & Duignan, P. (1997). Leadership for a new century: Authenticity, intentionality, spirituality and sensibility. Educational Management & Administration, 25(2), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263211X97252002
Bierly, P. E., Kessler, E. H., & Christensen, E. W. (2000). Organizational learning, knowledge and wisdom. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 13(6), 595–618. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810010378605
Book, A., Visser, B. A., Blais, J., Hosker-Field, A., Methot-Jones, T., Gauthier, N. Y., Volk, A., Holden, R. R., & D’Agata, M. T. (2016). Unpacking more “evil”: What is at the core of the dark tetrad? Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 269–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.009
Brin, S., & Page, L. (1998). The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 30(1–7), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X
Broadus, R. N. (1987). Toward a definition of “bibliometrics”. Scientometrics, 12, 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02016680
Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004
Burack, E. H. (1999). Spirituality in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12(4), 280–292. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534819910282126
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. Harper & Row Publishers.
Cacioppe, R. (2000a). Creating spirit at work: Re-visioning organization development and leadership–Part I. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 21(1), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730010310730
Cacioppe, R. (2000b). Creating spirit at work: Re-visioning organization development and leadership–Part II. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 21(2), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730010310730
Cavanagh, G. F., & Bandsuch, M. R. (2002). Virtue as a benchmark for spirituality in business. Journal of Business Ethics, 38(1), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015721029457
Caviggioli, F., & Ughetto, E. (2019). A bibliometric analysis of the research dealing with the impact of additive manufacturing on industry, business and society. International Journal of Production Economics, 208, 254–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.11.022
Chen, C.-Y., & Li, C.-I. (2013). Assessing the spiritual leadership effectiveness: The contribution of follower’s self-concept and preliminary tests for moderation of culture and managerial position. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 240–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.11.004
Chen, C.-Y., & Yang, C.-F. (2012). The impact of spiritual leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: A multi-sample analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(1), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0953-3
Chen, S., Jiang, W., Zhang, G., & Chu, F. (2019). Spiritual leadership on proactive workplace behavior: The role of organizational identification and psychological safety. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01206
Chi, Vu., & M., & Gill, R. (2019). “Letting go of the raft”–The art of spiritual leadership in contemporary organizations from a Buddhist perspective using skilful means. Leadership, 15(3), 360–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715018761931
Choi, S., Tian, X., & Stumph, C. (2022). Learning organizational behaviors and leadership through reflective journal writing. The International Journal of Management Education, 20(2), 100612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2022.100612
Collins, D. (2010). Designing ethical organizations for spiritual growth and superior performance: An organization systems approach. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 7(2), 95–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766081003746414
Contreras, F. (2016). Servant and spiritual leadership theories: Are they two different notions? Journal of Human Values, 22(3), 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685816650578
Crossman, J. (2010). Conceptualising spiritual leadership in secular organizational contexts and its relation to transformational, servant and environmental leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(7), 596–608. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731011079646
Crossman, J. (2011). Environmental and spiritual leadership: Tracing the synergies from an organizational perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 103(4), 553–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0880-3
Dagar, C., Pandey, A., & Navare, A. (2020). How yoga-based practices build altruistic behavior? examining the role of subjective vitality, self-transcendence, and psychological capital. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04654-7
Delbecq, A. L. (2000). Spirituality for business leadership: Reporting on a pilot course for MBAs and CEOs. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/105649260092005
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2008). The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory: A good alternative to measure burnout and engagement. Handbook of Stress and Burnout in Health Care, 65(7), 65–78.
Den Hartog, D. N., House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A., Dorfman, P. W., Abdalla, I. A., Adetoun, B. S., Aditya, R. N., Agourram, H., & Akande, A. (1999). Culture specific and cross-culturally generalizable implicit leadership theories: Are attributes of charismatic/transformational leadership universally endorsed? The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 219–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00018-1
Dent, E. B., Higgins, M. E., & Wharff, D. M. (2005). Spirituality and leadership: An empirical review of definitions, distinctions, and embedded assumptions. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 625–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.002
Ding, Y., & Cronin, B. (2011). Popular and/or prestigious? Measures of scholarly esteem. Information Processing & Management, 47(1), 80–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2010.01.002
Ding, Y., Yan, E., Frazho, A., & Caverlee, J. (2009). PageRank for ranking authors in co-citation networks. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(11), 2229–2243. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21171
Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., & Hu, J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 36–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.005
Donthu, N., Kumar, S., & Pattnaik, D. (2020). Forty-five years of Journal of Business Research: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.10.039
Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070
Driscoll, C., & McKee, M. (2007). Restorying a culture of ethical and spiritual values: A role for leader storytelling. Journal of Business Ethics, 73(2), 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9191-5
Dubin, R. (1978). Theory Building (2nd ed.). The Free Press.
Duchon, D., & Plowman, D. A. (2005). Nurturing the spirit at work: Impact on work unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 807–833.
Durán-Sánchez, A., de la Del Río, M., & C., Álvarez-García, J., & García-Vélez, D. F. (2019). Mapping of scientific coverage on education for Entrepreneurship in Higher Education. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy., 13, 84–104.
Eck, N. J. V., & Waltman, L. (2014). Visualizing bibliometric networks (pp. 285–320). Measuring scholarly impact. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10377-8_13
Fahimnia, B., Sarkis, J., & Davarzani, H. (2015). Green supply chain management: A review and bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Production Economics, 162, 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.01.003
Fairholm, G. W. (1996). Spiritual leadership: Fulfilling whole-self needs at work. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 17(5), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739610127469
Fairholm, M. (2003). Leading with spirit in public organizations. PA times, 26(11), 4.
Fairholm, M. R., & Gronau, T. W. (2015). Spiritual leadership in the work of public administrators. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 12(4), 354–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2015.1060516
Fernando, M., & Jackson, B. (2006). The influence of religion-based workplace spirituality on business leaders’ decision-making: An inter-faith study. Journal of Management & Organization, 12(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200004144
Ferreira, F. A. (2018). Mapping the field of arts-based management: Bibliographic coupling and co-citation analyses. Journal of Business Research, 85, 348–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2017.03.026
Fox, M. (1994). The Reinvention Of Work: A New Vision Of Livelihood For Our Time. Harper.
Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 693–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.001
Fry, L. W. (2008). Spiritual leadership: State-of-the-art and future directions for theory, research, and practice. Spirituality in business (pp. 106–124). London: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230611887_7
Fry, L. W., & Cohen, M. P. (2009). Spiritual leadership as a paradigm for organizational transformation and recovery from extended work hours cultures. Journal of Business Ethics, 84(2), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9695-2
Fry, L., & Kriger, M. (2009). Towards a theory of being-centered leadership: Multiple levels of being as context for effective leadership. Human Relations, 62(11), 1667–1696. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709346380
Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S., & Cedillo, M. (2005). Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 835–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.012
Fry, L. W., Matherly, L. L., & Ouimet, J. (2010). The spiritual leadership balanced scorecard business model: The case of the Cordon Bleu-Tomasso Corporation. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 7(4), 283–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2010.524983
Fry, L. W., Hannah, S. T., Noel, M., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2011). RETRACTED: Impact of spiritual leadership on unit performance. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.002
Fry, L. W., Latham, J. R., Clinebell, S. K., & Krahnke, K. (2017). Spiritual leadership as a model for performance excellence: A study of Baldrige award recipients. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 14(1), 22–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2016.1202130
Giacalone, R. A., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2003). Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance. M.E. Sharpe.
Gotsis, G., & Grimani, K. (2017). The role of spiritual leadership in fostering inclusive workplaces. Personnel Review, 46(5), 908–935. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-11-2015-0286
Gotsis, G., & Kortezi, Z. (2008). Philosophical foundations of workplace spirituality: A critical approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 78(4), 575–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9369-5
Gupta, M., Kumar, V., & Singh, M. (2014). Creating satisfied employees through workplace spirituality: A study of the private insurance sector in Punjab (India). Journal of Business Ethics, 122(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1756-5
Hawley, J., & Hawley, J. A. (1993). Reawakening the spirit in work: The power of dharmic management. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Hicks, D. A. (2002). Spiritual and religious diversity in the workplace: Implications for leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(4), 379–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00124-8
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 2307–2919. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
Holland, E. J. (1989). Creative communion: Toward a spirituality of work. New Jersey: Paulist Press.
Houghton, J. D., Neck, C. P., & Krishnakumar, S. (2016). The what, why, and how of spirituality in the workplace revisited: A 14-year update and extension. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 13(3), 177–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2016.1185292
House, R. J. (1994). Leadership in the twenty-first century: A speculative inquiry. Jones Center, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.
Howard, S. (2002). A spiritual perspective on learning in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(3), 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940210423132
Hunsaker, W. D. (2016). Spiritual leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: Relationship with Confucian values. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 13(3), 206–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2016.1159974
Hunsaker, W. (2019). Spiritual leadership and job burnout: Mediating effects of employee well-being and life satisfaction. Management Science Letters, 9(8), 1257–1268. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.4.016
Hunsaker, W. D. (2022). Spiritual leadership and employee innovation. Current Psychology, 41, 5048–5057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01011-9
Hyers, L. L., & Hyers, C. (2008). Everyday Discrimination experienced by conservative christians at the secular university: Perceptions of anti-christian discrimination. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 8(1), 113–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2008.00162.x
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five Trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 102–138). Guilford Press.
Karakas, F., & Sarigollu, E. (2012). Benevolent leadership: Conceptualization and construct development. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(4), 537–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1109-1
Karakas, F., & Sarigollu, E. (2013). The role of leadership in creating virtuous and compassionate organizations: Narratives of benevolent leadership in an Anatolian tiger. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(4), 663–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1691-5
Kessler, M. M. (1963). Bibliographic coupling between scientific papers. American Documentation, 14(1), 10–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.5090140103
Khanra, S., Dhir, A., & Mäntymäki, M. (2020). Big data analytics and enterprises: A bibliometric synthesis of the literature. Enterprise Information Systems, 14(6), 737–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2020.1734241
Khanra, S., Dhir, A., Kaur, P., & Joseph, R. P. (2021a). Factors influencing the adoption postponement of mobile payment services in the hospitality sector during a pandemic. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.11.004
Khanra, S., Dhir, A., Parida, V., & Kohtamäki, M. (2021b). Servitization research: A review and bibliometric analysis of past achievements and future promises. Journal of Business Research, 131, 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.056
King, E., & Badham, R. (2020). The Wheel of Mindfulness: A Generative Framework for Second-Generation Mindful Leadership. Mindfulness, 11, 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0890-7
Klenke, K. (2003). The “S” factor in leadership education, practice, and research. Journal of Education for Business, 79(1), 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832320309599089
Kolodinsky, R. W., Giacalone, R. A., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2008). Workplace values and outcomes: Exploring personal, organizational, and interactive workplace spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics, 81, 465–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9507-0
Konz, G. N., & Ryan, F. X. (1999). Maintaining an organizational spirituality: No easy task. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12(3), 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534819910273865
Korac-Kakabadse, N., Kouzmin, A., & Kakabadse, A. (2002). Spirituality and leadership praxis. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(3), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940210423079
Kriger, M., & Seng, Y. (2005). Leadership with inner meaning: A contingency theory of leadership based on the worldviews of five religions. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 771–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.007
Krishnakumar, S., Houghton, J. D., Neck, C. P., & Ellison, C. N. (2015). The “good” and the “bad” of spiritual leadership. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 12(1), 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2014.886518
Lips-Wiersma, M. (2000). The study and application of spirituality at work: Some critical questions. Academy of Management Annual Meetings.
Lynch, J., & Friedman, H. H. (2013). Servant leader, spiritual leader: The case for convergence. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 10(2), 87–95.
Madison, K., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2013). Is the spiritual bond bound by blood? An exploratory study of spiritual leadership in family firms. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 10(2), 159–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2012.758052
Meng, Y. (2016). Spiritual leadership at the workplace: Perspectives and theories. Biomedical Reports, 5(4), 408–412.
Merton, R. K. (1973). The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. University of Chicago press.
Miller, D. W., & Ewest, T. (2013). The integration box (TIB): An individual and institutional faith, religion, and spirituality at work assessment tool (pp. 403–417). London: Handbook of Faith and Spirituality in the Workplace. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5233-1_24
Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), 426–447. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810310484172
Mitroff, I. I., & Denton, E. A. (1999). A study of spirituality in the workplace. MIT Sloan Management Review.
Mubashar, U.-F., Salman, D. Y., Irfan, D. S., & Jabeen, P. D. N. (2020). Spiritual leadership in organizational context: A research gap in South Asia. South Asian Studies, 32(1), 205–218.
Neck, C. P., & Milliman, J. F. (1994). Thought self-leadership: Finding spiritual fulfilment in organizational life. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 9(6), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683949410070151
Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 27(3), 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.01.001
Pandey, A., Gupta, V., & Gupta, R. K. (2019). Spirituality and innovative behaviour in teams: Examining the mediating role of team learning. IIMB Management Review, 31(2), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2019.03.013
Parameshwar, S. (2005). Spiritual leadership through ego-transcendence: Exceptional responses to challenging circumstances. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 689–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.004
Pawar, B. S. (2009). Individual spirituality, workplace spirituality and work attitudes: An empirical test of direct and interaction effects. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 30(8), 759–777. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730911003911
Pawar, B. S. (2014). Leadership spiritual behaviors toward subordinates: An empirical examination of the effects of a leader’s individual spirituality and organizational spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(3), 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1772-5
Petchsawang, P., & Duchon, D. (2009). Measuring workplace spirituality in an Asian context. Human Resource Development International, 12(4), 459–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678860903135912
Raelin, J. A. (2003). Creating leaderful organizations: How to bring out leadership in everyone. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Reave, L. (2005). Spiritual values and practices related to leadership effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 655–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.003
Rozuel, C., & Kakabadse, N. (2010). Ethics, spirituality and self: Managerial perspective and leadership implications. Business Ethics: A European Review, 19(4), 423–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2010.01603.x
Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J. C., & Santora, J. C. (2008). Defining and measuring servant leadership behaviour in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 45(2), 402–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00761.x
Shore, L. M., Randel, A. E., Chung, B. G., Dean, M. A., Holcombe Ehrhart, K., & Singh, G. (2011). Inclusion and diversity in work groups: A review and model for future research. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1262–1289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310385943
Smith, J. A., & Rayment, J. J. (2007). The global SMP fitness framework: A guide for leaders exploring the relevance of spirituality in the workplace. Management Decision, 45(2), 217–234. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740710727250
Spears, L. C. (2004). Practicing servant-leadership. Leader to Leader, 2004(34), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ltl.94
Spears, L. C., & Wagner-Marsh, F. (1998). Insights On Leadership: Service, Stewardship, Spirit And Servant-Leadership. New York: Wiley.
Sukumarakurup, K., & Christopher, P. (2002). The" what"," why" and" how" of spirituality in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(3), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2016.1185292
Sweatman, M. M., & Heintzman, P. (2004). The perceived impact of outdoor residential camp experience on the spirituality of youth. World Leisure Journal, 46(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2004.9674345
Tan, C.-M., Goleman, D., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2014). Search Inside Yourself: The Unexpected Path To Achieving Success Happiness. London: HarperOne.
Tandon, A., Dhir, A., Islam, A. N., & Mäntymäki, M. (2020). Blockchain in healthcare: A systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda. Computers in Industry, 122, 103290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2020.103290
Tourish, D. (2013). The dark side of transformational leadership: A critical perspective. Routledge.
Tourish, D., & Pinnington, A. (2002). Transformational leadership, corporate cultism and the spirituality paradigm: An unholy trinity in the workplace? Human Relations, 55(2), 147–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726702055002181
Tourish, D., & Tourish, N. (2010). Spirituality at work, and its implications for leadership and followership: A post-structuralist perspective. Leadership, 6(2), 207–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715010363210
van Raan, A. F. (2005). For your citations only? Hot topics in bibliometric analysis. Measurement Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 3(1), 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15366359mea0301_7
Vaughan, F. E. (1989). Varieties of intuitive experience. Intuition In Organizations, 40–61.
Vogel, B., Reichard, R. J., Batistič, S., & Černe, M. (2021). A bibliometric review of the leadership development field: How we got here, where we are, and where we are headed. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(5), 101381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101381
Walumbwa, F. O., & Schaubroeck, J. (2009). Leader personality traits and employee voice behavior: Mediating roles of ethical leadership and work group psychological safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1275. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015848
Wang, G., & Hackett, R. D. (2016). Conceptualization and measurement of virtuous leadership: Doing well by doing good. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(2), 321–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2560-1
Weinberg, F. J., & Locander, W. B. (2014). Advancing workplace spiritual development: A dyadic mentoring approach. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(2), 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.009
Whittington, J. L., Pitts, T. M., Kageler, W. V., & Goodwin, V. L. (2005). Legacy leadership: The leadership wisdom of the Apostle Paul. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 749–770.
Wilber, K. (2000). Integral psychology: Consciousness, spirit, psychology, therapy. Shambhala Publications.
Woods, G. (2007). The ‘Bigger Feeling’ the importance of spiritual experience in educational leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 35(1), 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143207071390
Wu, Y. L., Shao, B., Newman, A., & Schwarz, G. (2021). Crisis leadership: A review and future research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(6), 101518. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LEAQUA.2021.101518
Xu, X., Chen, X., Jia, F., Brown, S., Gong, Y., & Xu, Y. (2018). Supply chain finance: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Production Economics, 204, 160–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.08.003
Yadav, A., & Chakrabarti, S. (2022). Brand hate: A systematic literature review and future research agenda. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 46(5), 1992–2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12772
Yang, M., & Fry, L. (2018). The role of spiritual leadership in reducing healthcare worker burnout. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 15(4), 305–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2018.1482562
Yang, F., Liu, J., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Feeling energized: A multilevel model of spiritual leadership, leader integrity, relational energy, and job performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(4), 983–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3713-1
Funding
The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Vedula, S.B., Agrawal, R.K. Mapping Spiritual Leadership: A Bibliometric Analysis and Synthesis of Past Milestones and Future Research Agenda. J Bus Ethics 189, 301–328 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05346-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05346-8