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A Global Review of Causes of Morbidity and Mortality in Free-Living Vultures

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Abstract

Vulture species worldwide play a key role in ecosystems as obligate scavengers, and several populations have had precipitous declines. Research on vulture health is critical to conservation efforts including free-living vultures and captive breeding programs, but is limited to date. In this systematic review, we determined the reported causes of free-living vulture species morbidity and mortality worldwide. The most commonly reported cause of mortality was from toxins (60%), especially lead and pesticides, followed by traumatic injury (49%), including collisions with urban infrastructure and gunshot. Neglected areas of research in free-living vulture health include infectious diseases (16%), endocrine and nutritional disorders (6%), and neoplasia (< 1%). Almost half of the studies included in the review were conducted in either Spain or the USA, with a paucity of studies conducted in South America and sub-Saharan Africa. The highest number of studies was on Griffon (Gyps fulvus) (24%) and Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) (19%), while half of all vulture species had five or fewer studies. Future investigations on free-living vulture health should focus on neglected areas of research, such as infectious diseases, and areas with gaps in the current literature, such as South America, sub-Saharan Africa, and under-studied vulture species.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank K.C. Donaldson for technical assistance. The authors also thank Kate Anderson for assistance with journal indexing and search engines.

Funding

This work was supported by the Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Cooke Veterinary Medical Center, 1520 Volvo Parkway, Chesapeake, VA, 23320, USA

    Angela M. Ives

  2. Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Maris Brenn-White & Sharon L. Deem

  3. Department of Conservation and Science, Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA

    Jacqueline Y. Buckley

  4. North Carolina Zoo, Asheboro, NC, 27205, USA

    Corinne J. Kendall

  5. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA

    Sara Wilton

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  1. Angela M. Ives
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Correspondence to Angela M. Ives.

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Ives, A.M., Brenn-White, M., Buckley, J.Y. et al. A Global Review of Causes of Morbidity and Mortality in Free-Living Vultures. EcoHealth 19, 40–54 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-021-01573-5

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